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Carpel – Fruit in a Coniferous Genus Araucaria and the Enigma of Angiosperm Origin

Received: 9 September 2014     Accepted: 19 September 2014     Published: 30 September 2014
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Abstract

Reproductive morphology of araucarian samara is revised revealing a carpellate structure of the stone. In A. columnaris it is formed by a supercoiled spermophyll (‘seed scale’), with a stigmatic apical lobe. This structure is analogous to the ‘classical’ peltate carpel of flowering plants. Stone opens with two apical pores. Pollen germinates on the apical stigmatic crest, with extracellular matter exuded from a stigmatic gland and its opposite on the bract apophysis. Ovulate structures are of the same basic type in the allied genera Wollemia and Pararaucaria. Neither of these genera is morphologically ‘transitional’ at the generic as well as familial levels thus setting araucarians apart from the rest of conifers no longer conceivable as a uniquely derived clade of gymnospermous plants. Araucarians thus deserve the status of a separate order anticipating the major evolutionary advancements of angiospermy in flowering plants.

Published in Journal of Plant Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13
Page(s) 159-166
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Plant Morphology, Paleobotany, Conifers, Araucariaceae, Carpel, Angiosperm Origin, Fossil Gymnosperms, Evolutionary Parallelism

References
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[4] W. Leinfellner, “Beiträge zur Kronblattmorphologie VIII. Der peltate Bau der Nektarblätter von Ranunculus, dargelegt anhand yener von Ranunculus pallasii Schlecht,“ Östr. Bot. C., Bd. 105, S. 184–192, 1958.
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[14] T. C. Chambers, A. N. Drinnan, and S. McLoughlin, “Some morphological features of Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis: Araucariaceae) and their comparison to Cretaceous plant fossils,” Int. J. Plant Sci., vol. 159 (1), pp. 160–171, 2006.
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  • APA Style

    Valentin Krassilov, Sophia Barinova. (2014). Carpel – Fruit in a Coniferous Genus Araucaria and the Enigma of Angiosperm Origin. Journal of Plant Sciences, 2(5), 159-166. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13

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    ACS Style

    Valentin Krassilov; Sophia Barinova. Carpel – Fruit in a Coniferous Genus Araucaria and the Enigma of Angiosperm Origin. J. Plant Sci. 2014, 2(5), 159-166. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13

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    AMA Style

    Valentin Krassilov, Sophia Barinova. Carpel – Fruit in a Coniferous Genus Araucaria and the Enigma of Angiosperm Origin. J Plant Sci. 2014;2(5):159-166. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13,
      author = {Valentin Krassilov and Sophia Barinova},
      title = {Carpel – Fruit in a Coniferous Genus Araucaria and the Enigma of Angiosperm Origin},
      journal = {Journal of Plant Sciences},
      volume = {2},
      number = {5},
      pages = {159-166},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jps.20140205.13},
      abstract = {Reproductive morphology of araucarian samara is revised revealing a carpellate structure of the stone. In A. columnaris it is formed by a supercoiled spermophyll (‘seed scale’), with a stigmatic apical lobe. This structure is analogous to the ‘classical’ peltate carpel of flowering plants. Stone opens with two apical pores. Pollen germinates on the apical stigmatic crest, with extracellular matter exuded from a stigmatic gland and its opposite on the bract apophysis. Ovulate structures are of the same basic type in the allied genera Wollemia and Pararaucaria. Neither of these genera is morphologically ‘transitional’ at the generic as well as familial levels thus setting araucarians apart from the rest of conifers no longer conceivable as a uniquely derived clade of gymnospermous plants. Araucarians thus deserve the status of a separate order anticipating the major evolutionary advancements of angiospermy in flowering plants.},
     year = {2014}
    }
    

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    AU  - Valentin Krassilov
    AU  - Sophia Barinova
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    AB  - Reproductive morphology of araucarian samara is revised revealing a carpellate structure of the stone. In A. columnaris it is formed by a supercoiled spermophyll (‘seed scale’), with a stigmatic apical lobe. This structure is analogous to the ‘classical’ peltate carpel of flowering plants. Stone opens with two apical pores. Pollen germinates on the apical stigmatic crest, with extracellular matter exuded from a stigmatic gland and its opposite on the bract apophysis. Ovulate structures are of the same basic type in the allied genera Wollemia and Pararaucaria. Neither of these genera is morphologically ‘transitional’ at the generic as well as familial levels thus setting araucarians apart from the rest of conifers no longer conceivable as a uniquely derived clade of gymnospermous plants. Araucarians thus deserve the status of a separate order anticipating the major evolutionary advancements of angiospermy in flowering plants.
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Author Information
  • Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel

  • Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel

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